When Did the Greeks Recognized Management as a Separate Art
The History of Management
The Early Origins of Direction
- Describe management in the aboriginal earth.
(Figure) traces the development of management thought from the aboriginal globe until the 19th century's Industrial Revolution.
Sumer, located in what is today southern Iraq and the start urban-based civilisation, contained the genesis of direction. Sumer had a flourishing merchant culture in which goods such as grains, livestock, perfumes, and pottery were sold to customers. Rather than bartering (using one good or service, not money, to pay for another good or service), the ancient Sumerians used ancient clay coins to pay. The sizes and shapes of coins represented different amounts of currency and signaled the types of goods for which they could be exchanged.
George, Claude South. (1972). History of Management Idea. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs New Jersey.
What made this level of trade and economic activeness possible? The introduction of writing made it possible for merchants to continue track of diverse trades. And the development of a basic form of coins allowed for increased trade considering a person wanting to obtain a skillful or service no longer had to find another person who wanted exactly the good or service he produced. Coordinating the activities of those who provided goods and those who wanted to buy them often required coordination, one of the master functions of a director.
| Early on Contributor | Result |
|---|---|
| Source: Adjusted from George (1972) and Wren & Bedeian (2009) | |
| Sumerians | Writing and trade |
| Hammurabi | Written commands and controls |
| Nebuchadnezzar | Incentives |
| Aboriginal Egyptians | Segmentation of labor, coordination and span of command |
| Sunday Tzu | Division of labor, communication and coordination |
| Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) | Development of bureaucracy |
| Ancient Greeks | Division of labor |
| Romans | Standardization |
| Italians | Accounting, corporations, multinational corporations |
| John Florio | Management to English language language |
Two additional contributions to the early development of management came from the Middle East. The idea of written laws and commands comes from the Babylonian king Hammurabi (1810 BC–1750 BC).
Wren, D. A., & Bedeian, A. G. 2009. The evolution of direction thought. (6th ed.), New York: Wiley.
The Code of Hammurabi was a listing of 282 laws that regulated a broad variety of behaviors, including business dealings, personal behavior, interpersonal relations, and punishments. Police 104 was one of the showtime instances of accounting and of the need for formal rules for managers and owners. The code also fix wages for doctors, bricklayers, stonemasons, boatmen, herdsmen, and other labors. The lawmaking did not, yet, include the concept of incentive wages because it set wages at a fixed amount. The idea of incentives would come from some other, much later, Babylonian male monarch, Nebuchadnezzar (605 BC–c. 562 BC),
Wren, D. A., & Bedeian, A. G. 2009. The evolution of direction thought. (6th ed.), New York: Wiley.
who gave incentives to textile weavers for production. Weavers were paid in food, and the more than cloth they produced, the more nutrient they were given.
Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved ancient constabulary lawmaking, created between 1810 BC and 1750 BC in ancient Babylon. It's a listing of 282 laws that regulated behave on a broad multifariousness of behaviors, including business dealings, personal behavior, interpersonal relations, and punishments. Law 104 was one of the beginning instances of bookkeeping and the need for formal rules for owners and managers. (Gabrielle Barni / flickr/ Attribution ii.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0))
The aboriginal Egyptians made great strides in the edifice of the not bad pyramids. The aboriginal Egyptians were infrequent builders of canals, irrigation projects, and the pyramids, purple tombs whose size and complication exceeded what the Greeks and Romans
Wren, D. A., & Bedeian, A. G. 2009. The development of management thought. (sixth ed.), New York: Wiley.
were able to build in later centuries. Although we are still uncertain about exactly how the pyramids were constructed, we accept some thought that the process required a smashing number and broad range of slave laborers to construct them. Each laborer would have a dissimilar task. Some of the laborers were stonecutters; others were required to push and pull gigantic blocks of stone; yet others were required to grease the stones to reduce friction. In this procedure, we run across the direction principals of division of labor, coordination, and specialization. These groups of workers were supervised past one individual. In figuring out how best to handle the huge numbers of workers engaged in pyramid building, the ancient Egyptians also pioneered the concept of span of control, that is, the number of workers that a managing director controls directly. Anticipating research on this issue in the far, far distant future, Egyptians establish the ideal number of workers per supervisor to be 10. In improver, there were various overseers, who had the responsibleness to compel workers to produce.
In Asia, the Chinese began to develop the thought of hierarchy. Bureaucracy has roots in the early on dynasties simply just became fully developed during the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 Advert).
Fairbank, J.K. (1991). Prc: a New History. Harvard Academy Press. Cambridge.
The thought was to train scholars in Confucian teachings and utilize those teachings to make decisions. Dissimilar modern bureaucracies, this system was not formal but relied upon the discretion of the scholars themselves. Another important development was the thought of meritocracy because selection for then promotion within a bureaucracy was based on a exam of Confucian teaching.
The Greeks (800 BC–400 BC) and Romans (500 BC–476 AD) added a number of important steps in the development of management. Although neither empire was commercially oriented, both Greeks and the Romans undertook a wide range of industrial projects, such as roads and aqueducts, and established various guilds and societies that encouraged trade. The Greeks continued to develop the idea of division of labor based on Plato'south recognition of human being diversity. The cracking Greek philosopher Socrates stressed the development of managerial skills such every bit creating an atmosphere of information sharing and analysis. The Romans' contribution to direction was standardization. Because the Romans needed to administer a vast empire, they needed standardization of measures, weights, and coins. Romans also saw the nativity of the corporation, in that many Roman companies sold stocks to the public.
Both Greece and Rome saw the connected pestilence of slavery, just due to economic changes that fabricated slavery financially unfeasible, workers were gaining some degree of freedom. They still had masters who determined at what jobs they could work and how those jobs should be done. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, there was a decline in European trade. Scholars refer to this time as the Night or Middle Ages (500 AD–1000 AD), due its location between the classical world of the Greeks and Romans and the world of the Renaissance. While there was footling trade or economic evolution in Europe during this menstruation, trade flourished in the Muslim and Chinese worlds. Various travelers, such as 13th-century Italian merchant and explorer Marco Polo, provided readers with tales and goods from those booming societies.
- What were the contributions of the following groups to modern management: Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans?
- Describe management in the ancient world.
We can track the concept of management from its evolution under the Sumerians. The Sumerians provided the concepts of writing and record keeping that allowed for an urban economy to develop, which in turn led to the institution of small businesses. The Egyptians helped to pioneer the ideas of specialization of labor, span of command, and bureaucracy of command. Sun Tzu developed subdivisions, various rankings of authority, and coordination. The Greeks and Romans built forerunners of the modernistic corporation and guilds.
Glossary
- Hammurabi
- The Code of Hammurabi was a listing of 282 laws that regulated conduct on a broad variety of behaviors, including concern dealings, personnel behavior, interpersonal relations, punishments and a wide diverseness of other outcomes.
- Nebuchadnezzar
- Nebuchadnezzar (605 BC–c. 562 BC) was a pioneer in the development of incentives in that he gave greater rewards to workers who were productive.
- Sun Tzu
- Sun Tzu developed subdivisions, various rankings of authority, and the utilize of colors as coordination betwixt units.
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Source: https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofmanagementopenstax/chapter/the-early-origins-of-management/
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